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Report: Poorer Children Face Greater Obstacles to Healthy Eating and Active Living

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By Beth Tagawa, SF State News

Chips, soda, chocolate, candy — while these high-calorie treats are not part of a healthy diet, for years they were sold at California public elementary schools with no government restrictions. Students gobbled them up, and, at the same time, obesity levels rose.

That changed 11 years ago, when the state enacted policies limiting the so-called “competitive” food and beverages (CF&B) that could be sold at schools outside of school meal programs.

According to new research, these policies may have helped lower childhood obesity rates in elementary schools, but their effectiveness is not universally consistent: Obesity rates among students attending schools in disadvantaged neighborhoods showed less improvement than their peers at schools in wealthier neighborhoods.

“The good news is that for all kids, regardless of where their schools are located, the trends in obesity improved — though the rates are still pretty high,” said Emma V. Sanchez-Vaznaugh, an associate professor in the Department of Health Education at San Francisco State University and lead author of the study. “However, the bottom line is that everyone benefitted, but not equally.”

In 2004, California put into effect some of the nation’s most comprehensive policies limiting CF&B sales aimed at K-8 students, targeting sugar-sweetened beverages, fat, portion size and calories from fat.

Sanchez-Vaznaugh’s study, published online in JAMA Pediatrics today, compared overweight/obesity prevalence trends before and after these policies were implemented to determine whether these trends differed depending on socioeconomic factors in school neighborhoods.

The study was based on data for more than 2.7 million fifth-grade students in 5,362 California public schools from 2001 to 2010.

Sanchez-Vaznaugh and her coauthors found that, from 2005 to 2010, childhood obesity rates leveled off among students attending schools in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods.

But in more wealthy neighborhoods, there were significant improvements, with obesity rates dropping as much as 1.2 percent for females and one percent for males.

While these findings suggest that the CF&B restrictions are crucial tools to prevent and reduce childhood obesity, the extent of their effectiveness could depend on socioeconomic and other factors in school neighborhoods, Sanchez-Vaznaugh said.

Research has shown that children in disadvantaged neighborhoods are exposed to environmental factors that could make them more susceptible to obesity, she explained.

Children in disadvantaged neighborhoods may be negatively affected, for example, by exposure to unhealthful food sources, such as fast food outlets and convenience stores. They also may not have as many opportunities for physical activity if their neighborhoods have fewer parks and heavier traffic.

“Children attending schools in disadvantaged neighborhoods have many more obstacles to healthy eating and active living,” Sanchez-Vaznaugh said. “It’s very important to consider what else can be done.”

“Association between competitive food and beverage policies in elementary schools and childhood overweight/obesity trends — differences by neighborhood socioeconomic resources” was authored by Emma V. Sanchez-Vaznaugh; Brisa N. Sanchez of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Patricia B. Crawford of the University of California, Berkeley; and Susan Egerter of the University of California, San Francisco.

The study was published online in JAMA Pediatrics (a journal of the American Medical Association) on May 4.

By Beth Tagawa, SF State News

Chips, soda, chocolate, candy — while these high-calorie treats are not part of a healthy diet, for years they were sold at California public elementary schools with no government restrictions. Students gobbled them up, and, at the same time, obesity levels rose.

That changed 11 years ago, when the state enacted policies limiting the so-called “competitive” food and beverages (CF&B) that could be sold at schools outside of school meal programs.

According to new research, these policies may have helped lower childhood obesity rates in elementary schools, but their effectiveness is not universally consistent: Obesity rates among students attending schools in disadvantaged neighborhoods showed less improvement than their peers at schools in wealthier neighborhoods.

“The good news is that for all kids, regardless of where their schools are located, the trends in obesity improved — though the rates are still pretty high,” said Emma V. Sanchez-Vaznaugh, an associate professor in the Department of Health Education at San Francisco State University and lead author of the study. “However, the bottom line is that everyone benefitted, but not equally.”

In 2004, California put into effect some of the nation’s most comprehensive policies limiting CF&B sales aimed at K-8 students, targeting sugar-sweetened beverages, fat, portion size and calories from fat.

Sanchez-Vaznaugh’s study, published online in JAMA Pediatrics today, compared overweight/obesity prevalence trends before and after these policies were implemented to determine whether these trends differed depending on socioeconomic factors in school neighborhoods.

The study was based on data for more than 2.7 million fifth-grade students in 5,362 California public schools from 2001 to 2010.

Sanchez-Vaznaugh and her coauthors found that, from 2005 to 2010, childhood obesity rates leveled off among students attending schools in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods.

But in more wealthy neighborhoods, there were significant improvements, with obesity rates dropping as much as 1.2 percent for females and one percent for males.

While these findings suggest that the CF&B restrictions are crucial tools to prevent and reduce childhood obesity, the extent of their effectiveness could depend on socioeconomic and other factors in school neighborhoods, Sanchez-Vaznaugh said.

Research has shown that children in disadvantaged neighborhoods are exposed to environmental factors that could make them more susceptible to obesity, she explained.

Children in disadvantaged neighborhoods may be negatively affected, for example, by exposure to unhealthful food sources, such as fast food outlets and convenience stores. They also may not have as many opportunities for physical activity if their neighborhoods have fewer parks and heavier traffic.

“Children attending schools in disadvantaged neighborhoods have many more obstacles to healthy eating and active living,” Sanchez-Vaznaugh said. “It’s very important to consider what else can be done.”

“Association between competitive food and beverage policies in elementary schools and childhood overweight/obesity trends — differences by neighborhood socioeconomic resources” was authored by Emma V. Sanchez-Vaznaugh; Brisa N. Sanchez of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Patricia B. Crawford of the University of California, Berkeley; and Susan Egerter of the University of California, San Francisco.

The study was published online in JAMA Pediatrics (a journal of the American Medical Association) on May 4.

Arts and Culture

‘Put Ur Play On’ Productions Showcases Local Talent at Laney College

On Saturday, Feb. 26 at the Laney College Odell Johnson Theater, the Third Annual Black Centric Showcase celebrated Black History Month. The show depicted eras of Black history, while featuring talent showcases of monologues, skits, dance, rap and singing expressing the past, present and future.

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Actors in stage production “Unapologetically Black: Here to Facilitate Harm Reduction Services for Those in Need, Inc.” (l-r): Toni Rochelle, David Cesari, Ziare Whitelow, Christina Gluszaczak, Harley Ford, Cody Johnson, Shayna Howlett, Tyler Mae and Anthony Dixon. Photo by Carla Thomas.
Actors in stage production “Unapologetically Black: Here to Facilitate Harm Reduction Services for Those in Need, Inc.” (l-r): Toni Rochelle, David Cesari, Ziare Whitelow, Christina Gluszaczak, Harley Ford, Cody Johnson, Shayna Howlett, Tyler Mae and Anthony Dixon. Photo by Carla Thomas.

By Carla Thomas

On Saturday, Feb. 26 at the Laney College Odell Johnson Theater, the Third Annual Black Centric Showcase celebrated Black History Month. The show depicted eras of Black history, while featuring talent showcases of monologues, skits, dance, rap and singing expressing the past, present and future.

“The showcase was designed to feature talented members of the community performing all eras of Black history: Where we are from, where we have been, and where are we going,” said Saleemah Jones, production company founder-producer of “Put Ur Play On” with assistant director Angel Galloway.

Pamela Terry performed a monologue spun from August Wilson’s “Fences.” Terry responded to a casting call ad for the role. “Through my audition I learned about the production company, Saleemah Jones, and assistant director, Angel Galloway,” said Terry. “These two sisters are brilliant in their work to improve the quality of life in the community.” She said the experience was both inspiring and challenging.

AKIL of Oakland performed his original song “Gave Us 28,” referring to the number of days in February for Black History Month. “I like to produce positive rap,” said AKIL. “They gave us 28 but every day we make history.”

Other performances featured an original skit on love by Lauren Black and Erynne-Dnae of Cotati, California, and a poem by Oakland middle-schooler Talia Rochelle entitled “Go to the Back, Rosa Parks.” “Rosa Parks is an important, strong, brave woman in Black history,” she said.

Paris Jackson Jr. performed an original dance.

Gary Moore of San Francisco performed a monologue from August Wilson’s “Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom.” Shelly Broadnax performed an original poem entitled “MIBPOC,” about having to check the ‘other’ box when filling out surveys and applications.

IMAC FADICHI of Chicago performed an original rap, “The Good Show,” and Pierre Jones of Richmond performed an original monologue entitled, “Black Caesar.”

The second half of the show included the stage production “Unapologetically Black: Here to Facilitate Harm Reduction Services for Those in Need, Inc.,” written by Itoro Bassey, a Nigerian playwright.

“Itoro reached out to us, and we thought it was a great way to put this perspective on our platform to raise voices,” said Jones, play producer.

The production, satiric in nature, explored the seriousness of Black and white race relations including white privilege and white insensitivity toward African Americans in everyday situations.

In one scene a white male doctor talks to a Black female patient in a dismissive manner. At the height of their disagreement, the two actors are frozen in time. A third actor enters, “Dr. Find You an Ally,” performed by Anthony Dixon, who narrates the situation and offers to serve as a white ally for the Black woman for 24 hours at the price of $59.99.

The actors unfreeze and the Black woman joins the narrator, as he explains his services including a bootcamp provided to retrain white perpetrators and transform their behavior into one of respect, understanding and empathy toward Black people.

Actors in the production included Tyler Mae, David Cesari, Shayna Howlett, Toni Rochelle, Ziare Whitelow, Christina Gluszaczak, Harley Ford and Cody Johnson.

“It’s been great to combine a showcase featuring some of the best in Bay Area talent with a stage play production written by a Nigerian sister,” said Jones. “The month may have 28 days, but we are 365 days a year, 24-7 making history,” said Galloway.

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Black History

Cathay Williams — The Only Known Female Buffalo Soldier

Cathay Williams knew that she couldn’t volunteer to serve as a regular soldier in the U.S. military. But knowing didn’t stop her. The young girl who had once labored as a house slave on the Johnson Plantation in Jefferson City, Missouri devised a plan to enlist in the U.S. Regular Army: she would register under the pseudonym William Cathay.

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On Nov. 15, 1866, the 17-year-old, born to an enslaved mother and a free father in Independence, Missouri in 1844, enlisted for a three-year engagement, passing herself off as a man.

Cathay Williams knew that she couldn’t volunteer to serve as a regular soldier in the U.S. military. But knowing didn’t stop her. The young girl who had once labored as a house slave on the Johnson Plantation in Jefferson City, Missouri devised a plan to enlist in the U.S. Regular Army: she would register under the pseudonym William Cathay.

As contraband, or a captured slave, Williams served as an army cook and a washerwoman, traveling with the infantry all over the country while serving under General Philip Sheridan. This experience with the military didn’t satisfy Williams; she wanted more. Military service held the lure of independence for a young, unmarried former slave.

On Nov. 15, 1866, the 17-year-old, born to an enslaved mother and a free father in Independence, Missouri in 1844, enlisted for a three-year engagement, passing herself off as a man.

At the time, the army did not require full medical examinations. After passing the physical tests, Williams was assigned to the 38th U.S. Infantry Regiment, one of four all-Black units newly formed that year. The regiment would later be known as the Buffalo Soldiers.

This excerpt, dated Jan. 2, 1876, was pulled from an interview with the St. Louis Daily Times: “The regiment I joined wore the Zouave uniform and only two persons, a cousin and a particular friend, members of the regiment, knew that I was a woman. They never ‘blowed’ on me. They were partly the cause of my joining the army. Another reason was I wanted to make my own living and not be dependent on relations or friends.

“Soon after I joined the army, I was taken with the smallpox and was sick at a hospital across the river from St. Louis, but as soon as I got well, I joined my company in New Mexico. I was as that paper says, I was never put in the guard house, no bayonet was ever put to my back. I carried my musket and did guard and other duties while in the army, but finally I got tired and wanted to get off. I played sick, complained of pains in my side, and rheumatism in my knees.

“The post surgeon found out I was a woman and I got my discharge. The men all wanted to get rid of me after they found out I was a woman. Some of them acted real bad to me.”

Williams was discharged honorably by her commanding officer, Captain Charles E. Clarke, on Oct. 14, 1868.

After leaving the army, Williams moved to Pueblo, Colorado, where she again worked as a cook and washerwoman. She was married for a short time and bore no children. There are no official records of her death, however, it is estimated that she passed away sometime around 1893.

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Activism

Richmond Promise Scholarship Application Deadline Closes March 17

Qualifying applicants can receive up to $1,500 annually for four years toward their post-secondary educational goals at a two-year or four-year college and/or while pursuing a Career Technical Education Certificate at any not-for-profit institution in the U.S. 

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Scholarships are available for high school graduates who want to go to a two-year or four-year college or a nonprofit vocational/technical school. Photo courtesy of Richmond Promise.
Scholarships are available for high school graduates who want to go to a two-year or four-year college or a nonprofit vocational/technical school. Photo courtesy of Richmond Promise.

Calling all high school seniors from Richmond and North Richmond: The Richmond Promise Scholarship Application period for the 2022-2023 school year closes on Friday, March 17.

High school seniors and GED students under the age of 24 who reside in Richmond and North Richmond and attend public, private, or charter schools in West Contra Costa County are eligible to apply for the scholarship.

Qualifying applicants can receive up to $1,500 annually for four years toward their post-secondary educational goals at a two-year or four-year college and/or while pursuing a Career Technical Education Certificate at any not-for-profit institution in the U.S. 

Students can also petition for an additional two years of extra funding. Throughout the process, the program provides supportive services to participating scholars from high school through college graduation, including support with identifying and applying for financial aid.

Richmond Promise launched in 2016 with a $35 million, 10-year investment by Chevron Richmond. The funds are part of a $90 million community benefits agreement between the City of Richmond and Chevron connected to the $1 billion Refinery Modernization Project.

To apply for the Richmond Promise Scholarship, go to https://richmondpromise.tfaforms.net/81. Need some help? Reach out to Richmond Promise at scholarships@richmondpromise.org. Learn more about the organization https://richmondpromise.org/

Kathy Chouteau contributed to this report

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