By Tamara Shiloh

Best known as the man who exposed King Leopold’s “benevolent enterprise” in the Congo as brutal imperialism, George Washington Williams (1849–1891) was also an American historian, clergyman, politician, lawyer, lecturer, and soldier.

He was the first person to write an objective, researched history of Blacks in America. His first book, “History of the Negro Race in America” (1882), is one of the most important contributions any American has made to the field of history.

Williams had little academic education as a youth. He was, however, in the church “learning about Jesus,” he later wrote. His father, a laborer and troubled alcoholic, was often absent. His mother then worked outside of the home. These circumstances pushed young Williams into rebellion. His parents placed him in a refuge house for undisciplined and unruly children, where he could learn a trade.

It is said that Williams became a barber, but no evidence of that has been found. What is known is that he was desperate to leave the home, to seek freedom and independence.

When Williams learned that the door for African Americans to enlist in the Union Army had opened in 1862, he joined and fought in the Civil War. At the time, he was 14 years old and knew he didn’t meet the age requirements. Determined to leave the home, however, he used false names, likely William, or Charles Steward, according to historians.

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When the Civil War ended in 1865, Williams enlisted in the Mexican army to help fight the French colonists.

He later enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1867 but only served one year. His military experiences would later prove to be influential in creating such works as “The Ethics of War, A History of the Negro Troops in the War of the Rebellion,” and “The Constitutional Results of the War of the Rebellion.”

Upon separation from the military, Williams returned to what he knew: “learning about Jesus.” He enrolled in the Newton Theological Institution where he prepared for the ministry and was ordained in 1874. He served as pastor of different churches while editing and publishing several journals. He also served in the Ohio House of Representatives (1879–1881) and would soon become a world traveler.

It was during a trip to Europe that Williams met Leopold, a German prince who became the first king of the Belgians. Leopold spoke highly of the Congo, sparking Williams to visit several times. While there, he wrote two explosive articles about the treatment of Africans under Belgian rule: “An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Leopold II, King of the Belgians and Sovereign of the Independent State of Congo” and “A Report Upon the Congo-State and Country to the President of the Republic of the United States.”

Leopold was devastated by the exposure of his harsh policies, mutilations, and brutal reign and tried to discredit Williams who continued to speak appeal to an international audience. Eventually, the Belgian government took over the Congo Free State. Williams traveled to other African colonies controlled by Great Britain, Portugal, and Egypt.

When the trip ended, Williams fell ill and died in England. He was 42.

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