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Professors Team Up to Design a Better Prosthetic Arm

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By Jonathan Morales, SFSU News

 

If computer scientists and engineers join forces, can they build a better prosthetic arm, one that could even, say, play the piano? A pair of San Francisco State University researchers hopes to find out.

 

Kazunori Okada, an associate professor of computer science, and Xiaorong Zhang, an assistant professor of engineering, have embarked on a project to develop a prosthetic arm that better understands and interprets the complex electromyogram (EMG) signals necessary for elaborate arm, wrist, hand and finger movements. EMG is a measure of electrical voltage generated from muscle contractions and contains information about the neural signals sent from the spinal cord to control the muscles.

 

“An arm is a basic tool of a human being, and losing it is a life-changing experience,” Okada said. “Coming up with a good replacement for a lost arm is difficult. There are still muscles and nerves at the end of the arm, but how they coordinate together is very complex and reading their signals is not an easy thing.”

 

The project is the first to receive funding from the Ken Fong Translational Research Fund, which was established through a $5 million donation from SF State alum Ken Fong to support interdisciplinary research projects. The fund has backed Okada and Zhang’s venture with a $20,000 grant.

 

Today’s EMG control technology, which is based on “single-channel” EMG recordings on multiple muscles, can only recognize simple static motions such as hand open or closed due to the lack of meaningful neuromuscular information that can be captured. But arms and hands are highly complex, the researchers say — multiple muscles must fire at varied intensities and often in a set sequence to perform basic tasks.

 

“Existing design only allows a few simple motions, like opening or closing a hand,” Zhang said. “These are static motions. But if you were to grab a glass of water and drink it, that’s a sequence of motions that is continuous
and dynamic.”

 

To solve the challenge of allowing more complex movements, the project will build on a concept by Zhang that envisions a grid of signal readers capable of capturing richer neural information across both space and time. She and Okada will begin their research by capturing EMG signals from live subjects using electrode grids and analyzing how effective they are in representing the proportional and dynamic muscle activities of hand gestures. Zhang will also use her expertise in embedded computer system design to develop a high-performance, real-time computing system to address the computational challenges of applying grid sensing to real-time
prosthetic control.

 

Okada, a music lover, uses the metaphor of a recording studio to explain the concept. Highly trained, professional engineers are brought in to precisely place dozens of microphones and accurately capture the sound. But what if someone were able to develop a single structure with multiple microphones already in the proper locations and backed by a computer that could interpret and isolate the sounds?

 

That is where Okada’s expertise in machine learning comes in. As the signals are collected, a computer program will be built to not just read and interpret them but also test out solutions, learn from mistakes and adapt.

 

The ultimate goal is a prosthetic arm that non-professionals or the wearers themselves can place onto the body and, without any noticeable delay, use it to control all of the complex motions of a regular hand, from eating and drinking to playing the piano. But Okada and Zhang acknowledge that such a finished product is likely a long way away. For now, they are focused on collecting data and building computer software that analyzes that data and points them toward a solution. The process will involve working with undergraduate and graduate students, something both researchers say reinforces the value of working across departmental lines.

 

Such interdisciplinary thinking is often missing in students’ crowded study schedules, but is essential in their learning processes and for their future careers, Okada said.

 

“In the real world, to solve challenges, you need to break pre-existing dogmas and come up with new solutions, so this kind of collaboration is great stimulation, not only to students but also to faculty,” he said. “That’s why I’m very excited.”

 

To learn more about SF State’s Department of Computer Science, visit http://cs.sfsu.edu/. For more about the School of Engineering, visit http://engineering.sfsu.edu.

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Not Just a Southern Issue: Advocates Say SCOTUS Voting Rights Decision Has Already Started to Reshape Black Political Power

OAKLAND POST — Following the Civil War and Reconstruction, constitutional amendments expanded Black citizenship and voting rights across the South, leading to dramatic increases in Black political representation. But those gains were quickly met with violent backlash and the rise of Jim Crow laws designed to suppress Black voting through poll taxes, literacy tests, and other “race-neutral” restrictions.

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By Edward Henderson, California Black Media

U.S. Rep. Sydney Kamlager-Dove (D-CA-37), a member of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) whose district spans parts of Los Angeles County, joined fellow CBC member U.S. Rep. Troy Carter (D-LA-2) for a May 21 briefing with Black media outlets in California. 

The lawmakers highlighted what they describe as a mounting threat to Black political representation resulting from an April 29 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that weakened key protections under the federal Voting Rights Act.  

Kamlager-Dove and Carter warned that the decision, which narrowed the role of race in redistricting, is already reshaping congressional districts across the South and undermining Black voters’ ability to elect candidates of their choice.

“While we are a super blue state, we have far to go when it comes to Black representation; we tend to take that for granted,” Kamlager-Dove said of California, noting that the Golden State has the fifth largest Black population in the country and only has three Black members of Congress.   

“While I support building coalitions, we have to make sure that as a Black community we are not yielding our power,” she added.

Calling the fight “not unique to the South,” Carter urged Black communities nationwide to recognize the broader implications of the legal and political battles unfolding in Southern legislatures and courtrooms. 

The Supreme Court ruling centers on Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the portion of the law that prohibits voting systems or district maps that dilute the voting strength of racial minorities. For decades, Section 2 allowed civil rights groups to challenge district maps that weakened Black political representation even when lawmakers did not openly state discriminatory intent.

Now, advocates fear that standard has fundamentally changed. 

“You have to have smoking gun evidence,” said Mitchell Brown, senior voting rights counsel at the Southern Coalition for Social Justice, during a recent media briefing hosted by American Community Media on May 15. “Legislators are not going to say the quiet part out loud.” 

The implications could stretch far beyond congressional elections, Brown said.  

Section 2 protections have historically applied not only to U.S. House districts, but also to state legislatures, school boards, county commissions, judgeships, and local governing bodies. Voting rights advocates warn that weakening those protections could reshape political representation throughout the South, particularly in states with large Black populations. 

“This is not just a Southern issue,” said Amir Badat, manager of Black Voters on the Rise and voting special counsel at the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund.

Badat described the current moment as part of a much longer historical pattern. 

Following the Civil War and Reconstruction, constitutional amendments expanded Black citizenship and voting rights across the South, leading to dramatic increases in Black political representation. But those gains were quickly met with violent backlash and the rise of Jim Crow laws designed to suppress Black voting through poll taxes, literacy tests, and other “race-neutral” restrictions. 

“This is the same move,” Badat said.

Advocates also emphasized that the consequences of weakened voting protections extend into everyday life. 

Local elected offices such as school boards, city councils, county commissions, and judgeships often determine funding priorities, public safety policy, education standards, and infrastructure investments.

“These are not abstract numbers,” Badat said. “These have real political consequences and policy consequences on people’s day-to-day lives.” 

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Rest in Peace: A.M.E. Pastor and L.A Civil Rights Icon Cecil “Chip” Murray Passes

The Rev. Dr. Cecil L. “Chip” Murray, former pastor of First African Methodist Episcopal Church (FAME) in Los Angeles, died of natural causes April 6 at his Windsor Hills Home. He was 94. “Today, we lost a giant. Reverend Dr. Cecil Murray dedicated his life to service, community, and putting God first in all things. I had the absolute honor of working with him, worshiping with him, and seeking his counsel,” said Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass of the dynamic religious leader whose ministry inspired and attracted millionaires as well as former gang bangers and people dealing with substance use disorder (SUD).

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The Rev. Dr. Cecil L. “Chip” Murray, former pastor of First African Methodist Episcopal Church (FAME) in Los Angeles, died of natural causes April 6 at his Windsor Hills Home. He was 94.

“Today, we lost a giant. Reverend Dr. Cecil Murray dedicated his life to service, community, and putting God first in all things. I had the absolute honor of working with him, worshiping with him, and seeking his counsel,” said Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass of the dynamic religious leader whose ministry inspired and attracted millionaires as well as former gang bangers and people dealing with substance use disorder (SUD).

Murray oversaw the growth of FAME’s congregation from 250 members to 18,000.

“My heart is with the First AME congregation and community today as we reflect on a legacy that changed this city forever,” Bass continued.

Murray served as Senior Minister at FAME, the oldest Black congregation in the city, for 27 years. During that time, various dignitaries visited and he built strong relationships with political and civic leaders in the city and across the state, as well as a number of Hollywood figures. Several national political leaders also visited with Murray and his congregation at FAME, including Presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton.

Murray, a Florida native and U.S. Air Force vet, attended Florida A&M University, where he majored in history, worked on the school newspaper and pledged Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity.  He later attended Claremont School of Theology in Los Angeles County, where he earned his doctorate in Divinity.

Murray is survived by his son Drew. His wife Bernadine, who was a committed member of the A.M.E. church and the daughter of his childhood pastor, died in 2013.

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Court Throws Out Law That Allowed Californians to Build Duplexes, Triplexes and RDUs on Their Properties

Charter cities in California won a lawsuit last week against the state that declared Senate Bill (SB) 9, a pro-housing bill, unconstitutional. Passed in 2021, SB 9 is also known as the California Housing Opportunity and More Efficiency Act (HOME). That law permits up to four residential units — counting individual units of duplexes, triplexes and residential dwelling units (RDUs) – to be built on properties in neighborhoods that were previously zoned for only single-family homes.

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Charter cities in California won a lawsuit last week against the state that declared Senate Bill (SB) 9, a pro-housing bill, unconstitutional.

Passed in 2021, SB 9 is also known as the California Housing Opportunity and More Efficiency Act (HOME). That law permits up to four residential units — counting individual units of duplexes, triplexes and residential dwelling units (RDUs) – to be built on properties in neighborhoods that were previously zoned for only single-family homes.

A Los Angeles Superior Court Judge ruled in favor of the cities, pointing out that SB 9 discredited charter cities that were granted jurisdiction to create new governance systems and enact policy reforms. The court ruling affects 121 charter cities that have local constitutions.

Attorney Pam Lee represented five Southern California cities in the lawsuit against the state and Attorney General Rob Bonta.

“This is a monumental victory for all charter cities in California,” Lee said.

However, general law cities are excluded from the court ruling as state housing laws still apply in residential areas.

Attorney General Bonta and his team are working to review the decision and consider all options that will protect SB 9 as a state law. Bonta said the law has helped provide affordable housing for residents in California.

“Our statewide housing shortage and affordability crisis requires collaboration, innovation, and a good faith effort by local governments to increase the housing supply,” Bonta said.

“SB9 is an important tool in this effort, and we’re going to make sure homeowners have the opportunity to utilize it,” he said.

Charter cities remain adamant that the state should refrain from making land-use decisions on their behalf. In the lawsuit, city representatives argued that SB 9 eliminates local authority to create single-family zoning districts and approve housing developments.

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