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COMMENTARY: Wong Kim Ark Kept Dred Scott Dead

In 1857, the Supreme Court’s infamous Dred Scott decision declared that Black people — enslaved or free — could never be citizens of the United States.

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The cover of the “Full Opinions” from the Dred Scott Case. (The Smithsonian Institution). Public domain.
The cover of the “Full Opinions” from the Dred Scott Case. (The Smithsonian Institution). Public domain.

By Emil Amok Guillermo

Donald Trump tried to deport Wong Kim Ark.

But the President was 128 years too late.

On the final day of its term, days before America marks its 250th anniversary, the Supreme Court reminded us who gets to call themselves an American.

It’s not determined by blood.

It’s determined by birth on American soil.

The Supreme Court rejected Trump’s attempt to end birthright citizenship by executive order. In doing so, he reaffirmed what the Supreme Court had already settled in 1898 in United States v. Wong Kim Ark.

The Court didn’t invent a constitutional right.

It refused to erase one.

If your mother’s feet were on American soil when you were born, you’re an American citizen.

You can’t defeat the feet.

That’s my story as a Filipino American.

THE HISTORY WE KEEP FORGETTING

America has a habit of forgetting the people who save it.

We remember the Gold Rush.

We forget the Chinese who built the railroads.

We remember César Chávez.

We forget Larry Itliong.

And now, when politicians tried to rewrite the Constitution, they forgot the Chinese American born in San Francisco who had already answered their question more than a century ago.

His name was Wong Kim Ark.

If you’ve never heard of him, don’t feel bad.

Asian Americans have spent generations as America’s footnotes.

Unless we’re nurses.

Then we’re indispensable.

Unless we’re applying to elite colleges.

Then we’re the problem.

Let’s also be fair.

Not everyone who opposes birthright citizenship is motivated by prejudice. Many sincerely argue the Fourteenth Amendment was written only to guarantee citizenship to formerly enslaved Black Americans and not to the children of immigrants.

That’s a constitutional argument.

It just happens to be the one that lost.

In 1898.

And again this week.

DRED SCOTT IS WHY THIS MATTERS

Here’s the history too many Americans skip.

Why was the Fourteenth Amendment written?

In 1857, the Supreme Court’s infamous Dred Scott decision declared that Black people — enslaved or free — could never be citizens of the United States.

Never.

The Civil War ended slavery.

But it took the Fourteenth Amendment to bury Dred Scott.

The Citizenship Clause wasn’t a loophole.

It wasn’t an accident.

That’s the history the Supreme Court relied on.

The Fourteenth Amendment first secured the citizenship of formerly enslaved Black Americans.

Then Wong Kim Ark established that the same constitutional promise belongs to every child born on American soil, regardless of race or ancestry.

Black freedom and Asian American citizenship are joined by the same sentence in the Constitution.

Different communities.

One constitutional promise.

OUR HERO

Wong Kim Ark was born in San Francisco in 1873.

Not born pending ICE approval.

Born.

His parents were Chinese immigrants legally living in California but barred by racist laws from becoming citizens themselves.

As a Filipino American, this debate isn’t abstract.

My mother was still legally an alien when I was born.

Her immigration status didn’t matter.

Where her feet stood did.

America.

That’s what made me a citizen.

Not ancestry.

Not bloodline.

Not race.

The Constitution.

Emil Guillermo is an award-winning journalist, news analyst, and comic monologist. He appears at the Winnipeg Fringe Festival, July 16–26, at Ace Art Gallery. Subscribe to his micro-talk show at YouTube.com/@emilamok1.

Emil Guillermo

Emil Guillermo

Emil Guillermo is a journalist and commentator. He does a micro-talk show on YouTube.com/@emilamok1

Emil Guillermo is a journalist and commentator. He does a micro-talk show on YouTube.com/@emilamok1

Activism

From Disparity Study to Solutions: Oakland Coalition and Mayor Barbara Lee Renew Commitment to Reform City Contracting

She committed to ensuring the coalition has direct access to City leadership by designating Assistant Deputy City Administrator Chuck Baker the primary liaison. Working alongside Deputy City Administrator Sofia Navarro, DWES Director Emylene Aspilla, Race and Equity Director Darlene Flynn, and other City departments, the coalition will continue advancing these priorities while maintaining regular communication with City leadership.

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Present at the recent meeting on implementing recommendations on Oakland’s Disparity Study on city work contracts were (first row, l. to r.):  Chuck Baker, Oakland Mayor Barbara Lee and Darlene Flynn. Second row, l. to r.) Samuel Adams, Erica Astrella, Chadwick Spell, Cathy Adams, Stanley Cooper, Maria Wagner, Len Turner, Derek Barnes, Paul Cobb. Photo courtesy of Oakland Mayor’s Office.
Present at the recent meeting on implementing recommendations on Oakland’s Disparity Study on city work contracts were (first row, l. to r.):  Chuck Baker, Oakland Mayor Barbara Lee and Darlene Flynn. Second row, l. to r.) Samuel Adams, Erica Astrella, Chadwick Spell, Cathy Adams, Stanley Cooper, Maria Wagner, Len Turner, Derek Barnes, Paul Cobb. Photo courtesy of Oakland Mayor’s Office.

Special to The Post

On June 30, a coalition of minority business leaders, contractors and others met with Oakland Mayor Barbara Lee to discuss the City’s commitment to implement recommendations outlined in Oakland’s Disparity Study and eliminate barriers that have historically prevented Black and minority-owned businesses from fully participating in public contracting opportunities.

Representatives of the Oakland African American Chamber of Commerce (OAACC), National Association of Minority Contractors Northern California (NAMC NorCal), Construction Resource Center (CRC), and the East Bay Rental Housing Association (EBRHA) said the meeting represented an important milestone in a process that has been underway for several months.

On April 21, the Oakland City Council’s Life Enrichment Committee received a progress report from the Department of Workplace and Employment Standards (DWES), where Director Emylene Aspilla presented the coalition’s working document and outlined a collaborative implementation plan between the coalition and the City. That report established 30-, 60-, and 90-day objectives focused on five key priorities:

  • Reforming Local and Small Local Business Enterprise (L/SLBE) waiver practices
  • Strengthening prompt payment compliance
  • Improving procurement forecasting and transparency
  • Expanding contractor capacity building and business development
  • Increasing oversight, accountability, and public reporting

A series of working sessions was scheduled between coalition representatives, DWES, and the City Administrator’s Office to begin implementing those priorities but were temporarily delayed by the resignation of former City Administrator Jestin Johnson.

Rather than allowing that momentum to stall, OAACC President and CEO Cathy Adams requested a meeting with Lee to gain clarity on the City’s direction and reaffirm its commitment to implementing the recommendations contained within the Disparity Study.

Coalition leaders described the meeting as productive, candid, collaborative, and encouraging.

During the meeting, Lee spoke not only from her role as mayor but also from her experience as an 8(a) contractor and business owner, sharing that she understands firsthand what it takes to build and grow a successful company, employ a substantial workforce, compete for public work, and navigate the complexities of municipal contracting.

She committed to ensuring the coalition has direct access to City leadership by designating Assistant Deputy City Administrator Chuck Baker the primary liaison. Working alongside Deputy City Administrator Sofia Navarro, DWES Director Emylene Aspilla, Race and Equity Director Darlene Flynn, and other City departments, the coalition will continue advancing these priorities while maintaining regular communication with City leadership.

Mayor Lee also expressed her commitment to personally participate in future working meetings with the coalition.

“This meeting represents a renewed commitment to partnership,” said Adams. “Mayor Lee listened, engaged, and demonstrated that she wants to move beyond conversation and into implementation.”

CRC’s Len Turner said the roadmap is already in place. ““The City already has the evidence. What’s been missing is execution. …Now it’s time to deliver results.”

Mario Wagner, president of NAMC NorCal agreed that the next phase must focus on implementation, funding, and accountability.

“The coalition is ready to get to work. …The next step is ensuring these initiatives receive meaningful funding in the upcoming fiscal budget cycle. Just as important, the City must establish transparent reporting mechanisms that keep the public informed through regular progress reports, measurable benchmarks, and accountability.”

Coalition leaders also acknowledged that while City leadership has indicated it is reviewing Local and Small Local Business Enterprise waiver practices, the community continues to seek a formal response regarding existing long-term waivers, including waivers extending 10 and 25 years. The coalition believes those waivers should be comprehensively reviewed and, where appropriate, rolled back as part of the City’s broader contracting reforms.

The coalition is also calling on the City to include meaningful funding in the upcoming fiscal budget cycle to support implementation of the Disparity Study recommendations and establish better methods and mechanisms to keep the public informed through regular progress reports, measurable benchmarks, and transparent accountability.

The coalition’s immediate next step is to schedule a working meeting with Baker, Aspilla, Lee, and the appropriate City staff to review what has already been accomplished under the implementation framework.

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Activism

Oakland Post: Week of July 8 – 14, 2026

The printed Weekly Edition of the Oakland Post: Week of July 8 – 14, 2026

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Activism

Kamala Harris Says State and Local Leadership Matters as Much as Washington 

The discussion was moderated by Daniel Squadron, co-founder of The States Project and author of The Fourth Branch: How State Government Can Save Our Union. The organization supports state legislative candidates in competitive states and advocates for greater investment in state legislative races.  

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Courtesy photo States Project.
Courtesy photo States Project.

By Joe W. Bowers Jr., California Black Media  

Former Vice President Kamala Harris said that traveling the country since the 2024 Presidential election, during her book tour, gave her an opportunity to hear directly from Americans about the challenges they face every day, reinforcing her belief that many people feel unheard by Washington and increasingly look to state elected officials for solutions.

Speaking at UCLA on June 23 during a discussion hosted by The States Project, Harris said she deliberately used her travels to spend time listening to people rather than simply talking to them.

“After the election I needed to take a minute, but when that minute was over, I needed to listen,” said Harris.

One conversation that stayed with her was with a single mother of three in Jackson, Mississippi, who was attending cosmetology school while raising her children on a $150 weekly grocery budget. Harris said the woman also told her the tap water was sometimes too contaminated to bathe her children.

When Harris asked what she wanted others to understand about families like hers, the woman replied, “Don’t they see me?”

“There are a lot of people who feel that they are not interested, and that their everyday fears and worries and hopes aren’t being heard,” Harris said.

“People are done with the status quo,” Harris added. “They’re done. It’s not working for them.”

She said political leaders must focus on solving everyday problems while presenting a broader vision for the country’s future.

“It’s about having affordable housing, affordable healthcare. It is about having a tax code that works for working people,” Harris said.

Harris said those conversations reinforced her belief that state elected officials are often better positioned than Washington to understand the everyday challenges facing their constituents.

“I support The States Project because the folks here and the folks we are supporting — state elected officials — are on the ground seeing and hearing these stories every day,” Harris said.

The discussion was moderated by Daniel Squadron, co-founder of The States Project and author of The Fourth Branch: How State Government Can Save Our Union. The organization supports state legislative candidates in competitive states and advocates for greater investment in state legislative races.

Harris said protecting voting rights remains central to the broader civil rights movement.

“The fight for civil rights in America, born out of the struggle of Black Americans, has benefited so many groups,” she said. “But when we look at what’s happening across the country, the fight for justice, for equality, lives on.”

Looking beyond the current administration, Harris said Democrats must present voters with more than opposition to President Donald Trump.

“We’ve got to have a mindset and a purpose that is about the day after this administration leaves the White House,” Harris said. “The question is going to be, what are you going to do with the power if you get it?”

Harris closed by encouraging Americans to remain engaged in their communities and state government.

“I strongly believe nobody should be made to fight alone,” Harris said. “Especially at this moment in time.”

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