Reading the Nation at 250: Who Is Missing from the Story?
AFRO-AMERICAN – WASHINGTON — As America approaches its 250th anniversary of independence, a federal reading initiative designed to honor this milestone has omitted Black women authors from its curated library.
As America prepares to celebrate 250 years of independence, a federal reading initiative reveals a glaring truth: the nation is still telling its story without Black women.
Anniversaries like America’s 250th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence reveal not only what is celebrated, but what is omitted and whose stories are positioned as central to the national memory. For example, out of the 24 titles included in the National Endowment for the Arts’ Big Read 2026-2027 Honoring America250 library, none are written by Black women.
The breakdown: 14 by white men, five by white women, three by Black men, one by a Native American woman, one by a Latina woman, and ZERO by Black women.
The absence of Black women authors spans genres — nonfiction, fiction, and poetry — excluding voices that have been foundational to American literature, American history, and American evolution. When Black women’s voices are missing from a high-profile national initiative, particularly at a moment of official commemoration, it reinforces a long-standing imbalance in how American literature is framed, funded, and circulated.
Shaping the Stories America Tells
For the 2026–27 grant cycle, NEA, through a partnership with Midwest, will award more than $1 million in project grants, ranging from $5,000 to $20,000, to organizations across the country. These grants support community-wide reading programs built around a single book selected from a curated library of 24 titles, all connected to the theme America250.
According to NEA, this cycle is designed to honor America’s rich artistic and cultural heritage, elevate a wide variety of voices and perspectives, inspire meaningful conversations, and strengthen community connections through shared reading. Grantees are encouraged to design expansive programming such as book discussions, lectures, writing workshops, panel conversations, performances, film screenings, poetry readings and community storytelling events, all using the selected book as a foundation for civic engagement and creative exploration.
It is a powerful model. Books, after all, remain among our most enduring civic tools. Yet the current offering reveals a clear and consequential gap. The omission is not symbolic. It’s structural — entrenched in the American spine that supports mythologies that are resolute, resistant to diverse stories and perspectives.
Black Women Writers and the National Canon
Consider how even this limited list of notable works from Black women broadens the reflective lens and adds to the national discussion:
“Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral” (1773)
By Phillis Wheatley
One of the earliest published American poets, Wheatley directly engages the nation’s founding era. Her work challenges long-held assumptions about who has been allowed to speak and be heard within the American literary tradition.
“Their Eyes Were Watching God” (1937)
By Zora Neale Hurston
Rooted in Black Southern life and folklore, Hurston’s novel remains one of the most widely taught and beloved works in the American canon, celebrating voice, self-definition and interior freedom.
“Annie Allen” (1949)
By Gwendolyn Brooks
Brooks’ Pulitzer Prize–winning collection captures everyday American life with precision and empathy, bridging personal experience and social reality in ways that continue to connect generations and communities.
“I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings” (1969)
By Maya Angelou
A groundbreaking memoir that chronicles Angelou’s early life in the Jim Crow South and the power of language, resilience and self-definition. A foundational American text, it invites community-wide conversations about race, gender, trauma and the redemptive force of storytelling.
“Beloved” (1987)
By Toni Morrison
One of the most significant novels in American literature, Beloved confronts the legacy of slavery with unmatched depth and care, inviting sustained conversations about memory, trauma, love and liberation.
“Blessing the Boats” (2000)
By Lucille CliftonCredit: Courtesy photo
Clifton’s poetry offers language that is precise, intimate, and resonant—particularly well suited for communal reading, reflection and performance. The book won the 2000 National Book Award for Poetry.
“The Hemingses of Monticello” (2008)
By Annette Gordon-ReedCredit: Courtesy photo
A Pulitzer Prize–winning reexamination of America’s founding myths, Gordon-Reed’s scholarship models historical rigor, ethical storytelling and intellectual courage, revealing the intertwined histories of race, power and democracy.
“The Warmth of Other Suns” (2010)
By Isabel Wilkerson
A landmark narrative of the Great Migration, Wilkerson’s book, a National Book Critics Circle award–winning work, reframes 20th-century American history through the intimate lives of those who moved in search of opportunity and freedom. It invites intergenerational dialogue and deep community reflection.
“The New Jim Crow” (2010)
By Michelle AlexanderCredit: Courtesy photo
Winner of an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work (Nonfiction), Alexander’s book exposes mass incarceration as a contemporary system of racial caste. Few books have so profoundly shaped public understanding of the U.S. criminal legal system, inspiring reading groups, policy debates, and grassroots education efforts nationwide.
“South to America: A Journey Below the Mason-Dixon to Understand the Soul of a Nation” (2022)
By Imani PerryCredit: Courtesy photo
Winner of the National Book Award for Nonfiction, “South to America” explores race, memory, migration, and belonging, revealing how the South continues to shape the nation’s cultural and political life. It is well-suited for community-wide reading and interdisciplinary programming.
Rewriting the reading list is rewriting the national memory
We have the power to expand the lens and shape conversation. Who is on your reading list? Whose stories help you understand this country more fully? What books will you recommend to your community?
Our reading list is still being curated. Stories are still being told. Truths are still being revealed. Where do you fit into this vast American story in the past 250 years? The joy, the pain, the growth, the stagnancy, the exquisite humanity and the complete lack of civility. You will find the answer in the poetry and prose of many voices. Make sure you include those who refused to be silent so we all can be free.
“They ask me to remember/but they want me to remember/their memories/ and I keep on remembering mine” ― Lucille Clifton
Jackie Wright Champions Bay Area Stories, Filmmakers and Cultural Institutions
As an award-winning communications professional, Wright has worked with corporations, nonprofits, government agencies, educational institutions, artists, and community organizations. In 2026, she expanded that work by launching an introductory public relations class for small businesses and nonprofits, offering practical tools for gaining visibility, shaping messages and building productive relationships with the media.
Jackie Wright has spent more than two decades helping people, organizations and communities understand the power of a well-told story.
As founder and president of Wright Enterprises, a San Francisco-based strategic communications and public affairs firm, Wright has built a career spanning journalism, public relations, media relations, crisis communications, community engagement and multimedia storytelling.
As an award-winning communications professional, Wright has worked with corporations, nonprofits, government agencies, educational institutions, artists, and community organizations. In 2026, she expanded that work by launching an introductory public relations class for small businesses and nonprofits, offering practical tools for gaining visibility, shaping messages and building productive relationships with the media.
Wright’s commitment to storytelling is also deeply personal. She wrote and co-directed the 15-minute documentary, “Love Separated in Life…Love Reunited in Honor,” which chronicles the story of her parents, Specialist Five (S5 Wyley Wright Jr. and Ouida Fay McClendon Wright. Her father, a U.S. Army helicopter crew chief, died in Vietnam in 1964 while serving as an honor guard during a visit by then-Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. Decades later, Wright and her siblings had their father exhumed from a segregated cemetery in Jacksonville, Florida, and their mother moved from her burial place in Georgia so the couple could be reunited at Arlington National Cemetery in 2014.
The family journey later took Wright and her sister to Vietnam, where they discovered the former military compound that had been named in honor of their father and another fallen soldier. The documentary, centered on love, war, family, racial understanding, and remembrance, earned festival recognition at screenings.
“It was quite an honor to learn about my family’s history and share it on film,” said Wright.
That filmmaking experience complements Wright’s longstanding advocacy for independent cinema. She has served as a media partner and brand ambassador for Bay Area film festivals, including the San Francisco Black Film Festival, Oakland International Film Festival, and the Durban International Film Festival in South Africa.
“It’s important to help filmmakers and underrepresented stories reach broader audiences,” said Wright.
Whether promoting a neighborhood organization, championing an independent filmmaker or preserving her own family history, Wright has remained consistent. Through Wright Enterprises, she has turned communications into both a profession and a form of community service, telling stories that might otherwise go unheard.
“Our stories are an integral part of our history, and our history is not only American history, but worldwide,” she said.
“Born, bred, toasted, buttered, jellied, and honeyed in Harlem” in 1937, Audrey Smaltz was a force to be reckoned with almost from the time she could walk. Her parents imbued confidence in her; they nurtured her creativity and sent her to charm school, but they never allowed her to create a stir.
Author: Audrey Smaltz with Alina Mitchell, foreword by Michael Kors, Copyright: c.2026, Publisher: Amistad, SRP: $27.99, Page Count: 256 Pages, Snaps, zippers, buttons, ties.
Toss that garment on, pull it up, wrap it around; you know what you like and how to wear it. The color is perfect for your skin tone, and the fabric enhances your figure. Yep, you always look your best and, as in the new book “Every Inch a Lady” by Audrey Smaltz (with Alina Mitchell), that best is fabulous.
“Born, bred, toasted, buttered, jellied, and honeyed in Harlem” in 1937, Audrey Smaltz was a force to be reckoned with almost from the time she could walk. Her parents imbued confidence in her; they nurtured her creativity and sent her to charm school, but they never allowed her to create a stir.
“That,” says Smaltz, “is not what ladies did.”
By the time she was a teenager, Smaltz was modeling for New York City designers. Shortly thereafter, she started working for a married man with whom she had an affair, and whom she loved very much. She broke up with him, attended college, and worked a series of jobs that taught her about fashion and jobs that didn’t seem to fit her. An ill-fated marriage took her to Chicago, where she ultimately landed a position that sent her to work in Ebony magazine’s New York office.
Working at Ebony was a career-changer, in a way. Smaltz traveled the world and learned more about fashion, but she didn’t exactly get along with her boss.
Finally, seizing an opportunity, Smaltz decided to launch her own company, Audrey Smaltz, Inc., a “fashion production business,” but she couldn’t get any designers to take a chance on her. Undaunted, she reorganized, re-branded, hit the streets, and knocked on doors until she finally found one client, which led to many others.
Through it all, her personal life was a whirlwind. She dated “more men than you can shake a book at,” settling down occasionally, briefly. Fashion had always been her first love, but she accidentally found real love, “the love of a woman,” at a leadership course…
There’s an old saying that writers need to add lots of “color” into their stories. Read a little of “Every Inch a Lady,” and you’ll notice immediately that author Audrey Smaltz (with Alina Mitchell) quite literally takes that to heart by mentioning nearly every color of the spectrum here. Hmm.
That oddity aside, Smaltz is a wonderfully lively storyteller, speaking with the energy of a woman much younger to the heart of anyone who loves fashion. That glee extends to collectors of vintage clothing, who will be delighted to read about the industry long ago and the way things worked then. Smaltz says she experienced racism, which is not unusual for pre-Civil Rights America, but doors were surprisingly closed for other reasons that will astound anyone who’s savvy about the fashion industry, even today.
There’s quite a bit of name-dropping in this book, but most of it belongs in the anecdotes, so you likely won’t mind. If you’re a fashionista, too, find “Every Inch a Lady,” and snap it up.
Madeline M. Turner: The Inventor Who Made Juicing Easier
Turner lived in Oakland during the early twentieth century, a period when opportunities for both women and African Americans in engineering, manufacturing, and invention were extremely limited. Nevertheless, she designed a sophisticated mechanical fruit press that could process citrus fruits much more efficiently than squeezing them by hand.
More than a century before juice bars, smoothie shops, and freshly pressed beverages became commonplace, an African American woman in Oakland, California, developed an ingenious machine for extracting juice from fruit.
Her name was Madeline M. Turner, and although little is known about her personal life, her remarkable invention earned her an important place in the history of American innovation.
Turner lived in Oakland during the early twentieth century, a period when opportunities for both women and African Americans in engineering, manufacturing, and invention were extremely limited. Nevertheless, she designed a sophisticated mechanical fruit press that could process citrus fruits much more efficiently than hand squeezing.
On July 26, 1915, Turner filed an application with the United States Patent Office for what she described as improvements to machines designed to extract juice from fruits such as oranges and lemons. On April 25, 1916, she received U.S. Patent No. 1,180,959 for her “Fruit-Press.”
Turner’s machine was much more complicated than a simple handheld juicer. Fruit entered the machine through an opening at the top and was fed individually into a pressing chamber. Inside, a cutting mechanism divided the fruit. Two plungers then moved toward one another, using specially shaped concave and convex pressing surfaces to squeeze the fruit and extract its juice.
One particularly clever feature was the way the two plungers moved at different speeds and traveled different distances. Their coordinated movement allowed the machine to feed, cut, compress, and eventually release the fruit’s remains. She designed the apparatus to accomplish several steps mechanically rather than requiring a person to perform each operation by hand.
In her patent application, she also emphasized practicality. She explained that the machine was effective for its intended purpose and designed so that its parts could be kept clean—an especially important consideration for equipment used to prepare food and beverages.
Turner’s invention appeared during an era when the American food industry was rapidly becoming more mechanized. Machines were increasingly being developed to process, package, and distribute foods in larger quantities. Her fruit press demonstrated how mechanical engineering could make juice extraction faster and more efficient.
Unfortunately, historical records reveal little about what happened to Turner after her patent was issued. Her birth and death dates, education, family life, and later career have not been reliably documented. Even so, the surviving patent provides powerful evidence of her mechanical creativity and technical ability.
Today, Turner is remembered as one of the African American inventors whose innovations helped transform everyday life. Modern commercial juicing equipment is far more advanced than her 1916 machine, but the basic challenge Madeline tackled—automatically feeding, cutting, pressing, and extracting juice from fruit—remains central to food-processing technology.
Turner’s story reminds us that important inventors are sometimes nearly lost to history. However, thank goodness her patent will ensure that her creativity and contribution to American innovation will not be forgotten.